TABLE 13. DISPARITIES BY HOUSEHOLD WEALTH Oral rehydration salts Comprehensive Comprehensive Skilled attendant at Stunting prevalence in (ORS) treatment for Primary school net knowledge of HIV/AIDS knowledge of HIV/AIDS ++ birth (%) children under 5 (%) children with diarrhoea attendance ratio (%) Females 15–24 (%) Males 15–24 Birth registration (%) 2010–2015* 2010–2015* 2009–2015* (%) 2010–2015* 2009–2014* 2010–2014* 2010–2014* Countries ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of ratio of and areas poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to poorest richest poorest to poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to poorest richest richest to 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% richest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest 20% 20% poorest Ukraine 100 99 1.0 99 100 1.0 – – – – – – 100 100 1.0 41 53 1.3 40 54 1.3 United Arab Emirates – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – United Kingdom – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – United Republic of Tanzania 4 56 12.7 31 90 2.9 48 26 1.8 41 38 0.9 68 95 1.4 39 55 1.4 34 56 1.7 United States – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Uruguay – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Uzbekistan 100x 100x 1.0 x 100x 100x 1.0 x 21x 15x 1.4 x – – – 93x 96x 1.0 x 25x 33x 1.3 x – – – Vanuatu 33y 59y 1.8 y 77 95 1.2 40 16 2.4 – – – 75y 80y 1.1 y 9x 23x 2.7 x – – – Venezuela (Bolivarian – – – – – – – – – – – – 86x 99x 1.2 x – – – – – – Republic of) Viet Nam 91 98 1.1 73 100 1.4 41 6 6.7 – – – 94 99 1.0 30 65 2.2 – – – Yemen 17 56 3.3 19 81 4.2 59 26 1.4 27 21 0.8 56 90 1.6 0x 4x – – – – Zambia 5 29 6.0 45 94 2.1 47 28 1.7 59 68 1.1 75 97 1.3 24x 48x 2.0 x 24 x 51x 2.1 x Zimbabwe 17 68 3.9 70 96 1.4 33 15 2.2 37 45 1.2 90 98 1.1 47 65 1.4 43 67 1.6 SUMMARY Sub-Saharan Africa 28 68 2.4 29 84 2.9 46 22 2.1 29 45 1.5 55 91 1.7 16 34 2.1 – – – Eastern and 31 61 1.9 32 80 2.5 45 26 1.8 36 48 1.3 64 89 1.4 – – – – – – Southern Africa West and Central Africa 27 70 2.6 27 88 3.2 47 19 2.5 24 45 1.8 46 91 2.0 12 31 2.5 21 44 2.1 Middle East and North Africa 77 95 1.2 62 90 1.5 28 15 1.8 23 23 1.0 78 97 1.2 – – – – – – South Asia 46 79 1.7 24‡ 81‡ 3.3 ‡ 52 25 2.0 49‡ 60‡ 1.2 ‡ 65 93 1.4 – – – – – – East Asia and Pacific 57** 91** 1.6 ** 61** 97** 1.6 ** 45** 20** 2.2 ** 44** 42** 1.0 ** 90** 97** 1.1 ** – – – – – – Latin America and Caribbean – – – – – – 22 7 3.3 – – – – – – – – – – – – CEE/CIS – – – 93 99 1.1 19r 9r 2.3 r – – – – – – – – – – – – Least developed countries 34 63 1.9 32 81 2.6 47 24 1.9 38 49 1.3 61 88 1.4 10 26 2.6 – – – World 57** 84** 1.7 ** 43‡** 88‡** 2.1 ‡** 43** 21** 2.1 ** 34‡** 45‡** 1.3 ‡** 67** 93** 1.4 ** – – – – – – For a complete list of countries and areas in the regions, subregions and country categories, see page 112 or visit . It is not advisable to compare data from consecutive editions of The State of the World’s Children. DEFINITIONS OF THE INDICATORS MAIN DATA SOURCES Birth registration – Percentage of children under age 5 who were registered Birth registration – Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys at the moment of the survey. The numerator of this indicator includes children (MICS), other national surveys, censuses and vital registration systems. reported to have a birth certificate, regardless of whether or not it was seen by Skilled attendant at birth – DHS, MICS and other nationally representative sources. the interviewer, and those without a birth certificate whose mother or Stunting prevalence in children under 5 – DHS, MICS, other national household surveys, WHO and caregiver says the birth has been registered. UNICEF. Skilled attendant at birth – Percentage of births attended by skilled health Oral rehydration salts (ORS) treatment for children with diarrhoea – DHS, MICS and other personnel (doctor, nurse or midwife). national household surveys. Stunting prevalence in children under 5 – Percentage of children aged Primary school net attendance ratio – DHS, MICS and other national household surveys. 0–59 months who are below minus two standard deviations from median height-for-age of the WHO Child Growth Standards. Comprehensive knowledge of HIV – AIDS Indicator Surveys (AIS), DHS, MICS, and other national Diarrhoea treatment with oral rehydration salts (ORS) – Percentage of household surveys; DHS STATcompiler, www.statcompiler.com. children under age 5 who had diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the Italicized data are from different sources than the data presented for the same indicators in other tables survey and who received oral rehydration salts (ORS packets or pre-packaged of the report: Table 2 (Nutrition – Stunting prevalence), Table 3 (Health – Diarrhoea treatment), Table 4 ORS fluids). (HIV/AIDS – Comprehensive knowledge of HIV), Table 5 (Education – Primary school participation), Primary school net attendance ratio – Number of children attending Table 8 (Women – Skilled attendant at birth) and Table 9 (Child protection – Birth registration). primary or secondary school who are of official primary school age, expressed as a percentage of the total number of children of official primary school age. Because of the inclusion of primary-school-aged children attending secondary NOTES school, this indicator can also be referred to as a primary adjusted net - Data not available. attendance ratio. x Data refer to years or periods other than those specified in the column heading. Such data are not Comprehensive knowledge of HIV – Percentage of young men and women included in the calculation of regional and global averages, with the exception of 2005–2006 data on (aged 15–24) who correctly identify the two major ways of preventing the primary attendance from India. Estimates from data years prior to 2000 are not displayed. sexual transmission of HIV (using condoms and limiting sex to one faithful, uninfected partner), who reject the two most common local misconceptions y Data differ from the standard definition or refer to only part of a country. If they fall within the noted about HIV transmission and who know that a healthy-looking person can be reference period, such data are included in the calculation of regional and global averages. HIV-positive. ++ Changes in the definition of birth registration were made from the second and third rounds of MICS (MICS2 and MICS3) to the fourth round (MICS4). In order to allow for comparability with later rounds, data from MICS2 and MICS3 on birth registration were recalculated according to the MICS4 indicator definition. Therefore, the recalculated data presented here may differ from estimates included in MICS2 and MICS3 national reports. * Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified in the column heading. ** Excludes China. ‡ Excludes India. r Excludes the Russian Federation. THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2016 169