TABLE 9. CHILD PROTECTION Birth Female genital mutilation/cutting registration (%)+ Justification of 2004–2015* + ++ + Child labour (%) Child marriage (%) (%) wife-beating (%) Violent discipline (%) Countries 2009–2015* 2008–2014* 2010–2015* prevalence attitudes 2010–2015* 2010–2015* married by married by support for and areas a b c total male female 15 18 total women girls the practice male female total male female Uruguay 8x,y 8x,y 8x,y 1 25 100 – – – – 2 55 58 51 Uzbekistan – – – 0x 7x 100x – – – 61x 70x – – – Vanuatu 15y 15y 16y 3 21 43y – – – 60 60 84 83 84 Venezuela 8x 9x 6x – – 81y – – – – – – – – (Bolivarian Republic of) Viet Nam 16y 17y 16y 1 11 96 – – – – 28 68y 72y 65y Yemen 23x 21x 24x 9 32 31 19 16y 19 – 49 79y 81y 77y Zambia 41x,y 42x,y 40x,y 6 31 11 – – – 32 47 – – – Zimbabwe – – – 4 34 32 – – – 24 37 63y 63y 62y SUMMARY Sub-Saharan Africa 28 27 27 12 39 46 39 16 22 35 50 – – – Eastern and Southern Africa 26 28 24 10 36 45 43 13 19 37 52 – – – West and Central Africa 28 27 28 14 42 45 31 17 23 34 49 87 88 87 Middle East and North Africa 10 8 6 3 18 89 – 16 – – 43 83 88 86 South Asia – – – – – 62 – – – – – – – – East Asia and Pacific 10** 11** 9** – 15** 80** – – – – 28** – – – Latin America and Caribbean 9 12 7 5 23 94 – – – – – – – – CEE/CIS – – – 1 11 99 – – – – – – – – Least developed countries 24 25 23 13 41 45 – – – 40 52 – – – World – – – – – 71** – – – – – – – – For a complete list of countries and areas in the regions, subregions and country categories, see page 112 or visit . It is not advisable to compare data from consecutive editions of The State of the World’s Children. DEFINITIONS OF THE INDICATORS MAIN DATA SOURCES Child labour – Percentage of children 5–14 years old involved in child labour at the Child labour – Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) moment of the survey. A child is considered to be involved in child labour under the and other national surveys. following conditions: (a) children 5–11 years old who, during the reference week, did at Child marriage – DHS, MICS and other national surveys. least 1 hour of economic activity or at least 28 hours of household chores, or (b) Birth registration – DHS, MICS, other national surveys, censuses and vital registration systems. children 12–14 years old who, during the reference week, did at least 14 hours of Female genital mutilation/cutting – DHS, MICS and other national surveys. economic activity or at least 28 hours of household chores. Justification of wife-beating – DHS, MICS and other national surveys. Child marriage – Percentage of women 20–24 years old who were first married or in Violent discipline – DHS, MICS and other national surveys. union before they were 15 years old and percentage of women 20–24 years old who were first married or in union before they were 18 years old. Italicized data are from older sources than the data presented for a country for other indicators on Birth registration – Percentage of children less than 5 years old who were registered the same topic. at the moment of the survey. The numerator of this indicator includes children reported to have a birth certificate, regardless of whether or not it was seen by the interviewer, NOTES and those without a birth certificate whose mother or caregiver says the birth has been − Data not available. registered. Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) – (a) Women: percentage of women v Estimates of 100% were assumed given that civil registration systems in these countries are 15–49 years old who have undergone FGM/C; (b) girls: percentage of girls 0–14 years complete and all vital events (including births) are registered. Source: United Nations, Department old who have undergone FGM/C (as reported by their mothers); (c) support for the of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division, Population and Vital Statistics Report, Series A practice: percentage of women 15–49 years old who have heard about FGM/C and Vol. LXV, New York, 2013. think the practice should continue. x Data refer to years or periods other than those specified in the column heading. Such data are not Justification of wife-beating – Percentage of women and men 15–49 years old who included in the calculation of regional and global averages. consider a husband to be justified in hitting or beating his wife for at least one of the y Data differ from the standard definition or refer to only part of a country. If they fall within the specified reasons, i.e., if his wife burns the food, argues with him, goes out without noted reference period, such data are included in the calculation of regional and global averages. telling him, neglects the children or refuses sexual relations. + A more detailed explanation of the methodology and the changes in calculating these estimates Violent discipline – Percentage of children 2–14 years old who experience any can be found in the General Note on the Data, page 108. violent discipline (psychological aggression and/or physical punishment). ++ Changes in the definition of birth registration were made from the second and third rounds of MICS (MICS2 and MICS3) to the fourth round (MICS4). In order to allow for comparability with later rounds, data from MICS2 and MICS3 on birth registration were recalculated according to the MICS4 indicator definition. Therefore, the recalculated data presented here may differ from estimates included in MICS2 and MICS3 national reports. * Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified in the column heading. ** Excludes China. THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2016 153